Backgroundand Objective:Previous studies indicated that morphine consumption during pregnancy could inhibit embryos development. Present study further evaluated the effects of oral morphine consumption on the placenta lacunas development in ten day pregnant Wistar rats.Material and Methods:Female Wistar rats (W: 170-200 gr) were used in the present study. Experimental group were received morphine (0.05 mg/ml of tap water) after one night coupling with male rats for mating. On the day 10th of pregnancy, the pregnant animals were killed with chloroform and the placentas and uterus were removed surgically and fixed in 10% formalin for twenty days. The fixed placentas were processed and stained by H & E method and evaluated for their development. Thickness of layers, surface area of lacuna, as well as the number of cells in both maternal and fetal parts of the placentas was assessed by light microscopy.Results:Our results indicated that the layer thickness of fetal portion and surface area of lacuna of the fetal and maternal portion of placenta reduced in experimental group. In addition, maternal portion layer thickness and cell number of the fetal and maternal portion of placenta increased in the experimental group.Conclusion:Our results showed that oral morphine consumption could inhibit natural function of placenta lacuna and fetal cell development.

Introduction: Previous studies indicated that morphine consumption during pregnancy could inhibit embryo development. Present study further evaluated the effects of oral morphine consumption on the placental development in nine days pregnant rats.Materials and Methods: Female Wistar rats (170- 200 g) were used in the present study. Experimental group received morphine (0.05 mg/ml of tap water) one night after mating with male rats. On the 9th day of pregnancy, the pregnant animals were anesthetized with chloroform and the placentas were removed surgically and fixed in 10% formalin. The fixed placentas were processed and stained by H and E method and evaluated for their development. Thickness of layers, number and surface area of lacuna, as well as number of the cells in both maternal and fetal parts of the placentas and the utrian septum thickness were calculated by MOTIC software.Results: Our results indicated that both maternal and fetal layer thickness were increased in experimental group. In addition, number and surface area of lacuna, as well as number of the cells in both maternal and fetal parts of the placentas were increased in experimental group. In contrast, the utrine septum thickness was reduced in experimental group.Conclusion: Taken together, our results showed that all placental development indicators were abnormal in experimental group. These abnormalities may be the cause of incomplete development observed in the fetus born by opioid addicted women.

dies indicated that morphine consumption during pregnancy could inhibit embryos development. Present study further evaluated the effects of oral morphine consumption on the placenta development.Female Wistar rats (W:170-200 g) were used in the present study. Experimental group were received morphine (0.05 mg/ml of tap water) after one night coupling with male rats for mating.On the 9th day of pregnancy, the pregnant animals were anesthetized with chloroform and the placentas were removed surgically and fixed in 10% formalin. The fixed placentas were processed and stained by H & E method and evaluated for their development. Thickness of layers, number of lacuna, as well as number of the cells in both maternal and fetal parts of the placentas and the utrian septum thickness were calculated by MOTIC software.Our results indicated that both maternal and fetal layer thickness were increased in experimental group. In addition, number of lacuna, as well as number of the cells in both maternal and fetal parts of the placentas were increased in experimental group. In contrast, the utrian septum thickness was reduced in experimental group. Taken together, our results showed that all placenta development indicators were abnormal in experimental group. These abnormalities may be the cause of incomplete development observed in the fetus born by opioid addicted women.

Background & Objectives: Previous studies indicated that morphine consumption during pregnancy could inhibit embryos development. Present study further evaluated the effects of oral morphine consumption on the maternal and fetal portion placenta cells development in Wistar rats.Methods: Female Wistar rats (W: 170-200 g) were used in the present study. Morphine group were received morphine (0.05 mg/ml of tap water) after one night coupling with male rats for mating. On 14th, 17th days of pregnancy, the pregnant animals were killed with chloroform and the placentas and uterus were removed surgically and fixed in 10% formalin. The fixed placentas and uterus were stained by H & E method and evaluated for their development. The thickness of layers, as well as number of the cells in both maternal and fetal parts of the placentas was determined by light microscopy and processed using MOTIC software. Results: The results indicated that oral consumption of morphine compared to control group, increased the thickness of the layers in maternal portion and also, increased the number of the cells in both maternal and fetal portion of the placenta.Conclusion: All together, oral morphine consumption may inhibit placenta cells development and disturb their natural functions. These abnormalities observed in the placenta by opioid addicted pregnancy Wistar rats.

Background and aim: The aim of this investigation was to evaluate effects of maternal diabetes on lumbosacral region of spinal cord in offspring of diabetic mothers (ODM) in comparison with normal mothers. Methods: In this study sixteen adult female rats were divided in two groups. Diabetes was induced in one group by Alloxan (145mg/kg). Both groups became pregnant by natural matting. After delivery lumbosacral samples were prepared from 7 day, 14 day, 21 day and 28 day old offspring of both groups. After applying histological techniques, various histological parameters were determined. Weight of infants was measured at the same time and compared with the other group. Data were analyzed by student t-test.Results: Our results showed that the weight of ODM were significantly (21.2%) more than the control group (P<0.05). There is a significant decrease in transverse and vertical diameters of spinal cord and decrease in number of neurons in grays matter of spinal cord of ODM compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Hyperglycaemia caused by maternal diabetes can disturb natural formation of spinal cord, especially in the lumbosacral region. This defect leads to different malformations, such as change in the shape of spinal cord and also decrease in the number of neurons in grays mater. These problems are formed in fetal period and remain in the body after birth and lead to offspring disability in several actions.

Background: Previous studies have shown that morphine consumption during pregnancy may delay embryo development or cause abnormal nervous system function .The most attention of research focuses on the embryo, whereas it was not attended to the placenta as an important organ which is affected by opioides. The present study focused on the effect of maternal morphine consumption on development of maternal portion and fetal portion of placental in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: In this research, we used 24 Wistar rats with 170-200g weight. The experimental groups after pregnancy received 0/05mg/ml of morphine by tap water while the control group received water. Treatment and control groups were anesthetized by chloroform on 10th and 14th day of pregnancy, placenta with uterus were removed surgically and fixed in 10% formaldehyde for 20 days. 1cc blood was received from pregnant mother, the density of blood corticosteron was determined by ELISA method after centrifugation .The fixed embryos underwent tissue processing, sectioning and staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Placenta was studied in the light of the thickness of layer, area of blood lacuna, number of maternal and fetal portion cells and thickness of endometrium by light microscope, SPSS analyses and Motic software. Results: Our studies indicated that plasma corticosteron in the treatment group showed severe in erease than the control group .Similar result repeated for the experimental group showing the thickness of maternal portions and fetal portions of placenta in day 10 -14 of pregnancy, show the significant difference in experimental group (p£0.05). Moreover, the increase number of both maternal and fetal portion cells of placenta and the decrease of blood lacuna area in both fetal and maternal portion Placenta were found, in the treatment group.Conclusion: In this study, the effects of morphine in increase the density of blood plasma corticoestron in addictive pregnant mothers were seen. also, all development of placenta in the experimental group with was delayed related to development in the control group.This may cause embryo abortion and defect of secretary function in placental hormones such as strogen and progestron which in turn may induce defect in infants development born from addictive mothers.

Background: Previous studies have shown that morphine consumption during pregnancy may delay embryo development or cause abnormal nervous system function. Objective: The present study focused on the effect of maternal morphine consumption on development of placenta and blood corticosteron concentration in addictive pregnant mothers.Materials and Methods: 24 female rats, 170-200g weight, were used. The experimental groups after pregnancy received an oral dose of 0.05 mg/ml of morphine by tap water while the control group received only tap water. On 10th and 14th day of pregnancy, rats were anesthetized and placenta removed surgically, 1ml blood was collected from each pregnant mother from retro-orbital sinus, the concentration of blood corticosteron was determined by corticosteron Elisa kit after centrifugation. The fixed tissue was processed, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Placenta was studied microscopically according to the thickness of layers, area of blood cisterns, and the number of cells.Results: Comparing the plasma corticosteron concentration of the treatment and the control groups, not only a severe increase in the treatment group was detected, but also the thickness of maternal and embryonic portions of the placenta at day 10th and 14th of gestation was different significantly (p≤0.05). Furthermore, an increase in number of cells in maternal and embryonic portion of placenta and a decrease in blood cistern area were demonstrated in both the experimental and the control groups.Conclusion: The effects of morphine, including an increase in blood concentration of corticosteron, in dependent pregnant mothers were seen. Development of placenta in the experimental group was delayed.

Introduction: Previous studies have shown that morphine consumption during pregnancy may delay embryo development or cause abnormal nervous system function. The present study focused on the effect of maternal morphine consumption on development of maternal and fetal portion of placenta and blood corticosteron concentration in addictive pregnant mother. Materials and Methods: In this research, 24 female Wister rats, 170-200 g weight, were used. The experimental groups after pregnancy received an oral dose of 0.05 mg/ml of morphine by tap water while the control group received tap water. On 10th and 14th day of pregnancy, Wister rats were anesthetized by chloroform, and placenta with uterus removed surgically, 1 ml blood was collected from each pregnant mother from Retro-orbital sinus, and the concentration of blood corticosteron was determined by corticosteron Elisa kit after centrifugation. The fixed tissue processing, sectioning and staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Placenta was studied microscopically according to the thickness of layers, area of blood cisterns, and the number of cells.Results: Comparing the plasma corticosteron concentration of the treatment and the control groups, not only a severe increase in the treatment group was detected, but also the thickness of maternal and embryonic portions of the placenta at day 10th and 14th of gestation (pregnant) was different significantly (p=0.05). Furthermore, an increase in number of cells in maternal and embryonic portion of placenta and a decrease in blood cistern area were demonstrated in both the experimental and the control groups.Conclusion: The effects of morphine, including an increase in blood concentration of corticosteron, in dependent pregnant mothers were seen. Development of placenta in the experimental group was delayed.

The Suspended Contract and the types of Suspension’s effects are one of the disagreements between scholars of jurisprudence and laws. Meanwhile, the suspension of the Marriage Portion (MAHR) due to the difference in the nature and type of connection with the marriage contract and suspended marriage invalidity can be debatable and contemplated that has not been studied in scientific papers. Differences of marriage portion on temporary and permanent marriage, various effects of suspensions, the legal status of suspended marriage portion in cases of marriage dissolution, Calculate the day rate of suspended marriage portion and etc. are the topics that has been discussed in this research It can be said that the suspension of the marriage portion completely invalidates the temporary marriage, but the suspension of the marriage portion in the permanent marriage is possible due to the contractual and independent nature of the marriage portion.